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11. Examine the following statements:

1. All trains are run by diesel engine.
2. Some trains are run by diesel engine.
3. No train is run by diesel engine.
4. Some trains are not run by diesel engine.

Codes:

(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1 and 4

Ans: d

Exp: If the Statement 1 "All trains are run by diesel engine" is true then the Statement 2 "Some trains are run by diesel engine" can als be true. However, Statements 3 and 4 can not be true. Now we check the criteria of both the statements being false.
If the Statement 1 "All trains are run by diesel engine" is false then the statement 3 "No train is run by diesel engine" can not be false. However, the statement 4 "Some trains are not run by diesel engine" can be false as some trains may or may not be run y diesel engine. 12. Consider the four age pyramids given below namely A, B, C and D representing four different countries.

Which one of them indicates the declining population ?

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Ans: c

Exp: While all countries' population pyramids differ, four general types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.

Stable pyramid - A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.

Stationary pyramid - A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality, very similar to a constrictive pyramid.

Expansive pyramid - A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people. This wide base indicates a large number of children. A steady upwards narrowing shows that more people die at each higher age band. This type of pyramid indicates a population in which there is a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy. This is the typical pattern for less economically developed countries, due to little access to and incentive to use birth control, negative environmental factors (for example, lack of clean water) and poor access to health care.

Constrictive pyramid - A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have a greying population which means that people are generally older, as the country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but also a low birth rate. This pyramid has been occurring more frequently, especially when immigrants are factored out, and is often a typical pattern for a very developed country, a high over-all education and easy access and incentive to use birth control, good health care and few or no negative environmental factors. 13. The followings figures has four curves namely A, B, C and D, Study the figure and answer the item that follows.

Which curve indicates the exponential growth ?

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Ans: c

Exp: Exponential growth (including exponential decay) occurs when the growth rate of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value. In the case of a discrete domain of definition with equal intervals it is also called geometric growth or geometric decay (the function values form a geometric progression).

Directions for the following 2 (two) items:

The following pie charts show the break-up of disease categories recorded in the patients from two towns, Town A and Town B. Pie charts plot the disease Categories as percentage of the total number of patients. Based on these, answer the two items that follow the charts.

14. Which of the two towns has a higher number of persons with Diabetes?

(a) Town A
(b) Town B
(c) Same in Town A and Town B
(d) No inference can be drawn

Ans: d

Exp: Town A has 18% diabetic people and the Town B has 24% people with diabetese. However, as the total population is not given we can not be sure of the absolute number of people with diabetese. 15. What can we say about persons with more than one disease from these graphs ?

(a) There are likely to be persons with more than one disease in Town A.
(b) There are likely to be persons with more than one disease in Town B.
(c) There'are likely to be persons with more than one disease in both Towns A and B.
(d) No inference can be drawn.

Ans: b

Exp: If we count the various percentages of people with diabetese in both the towns A and B then we see that the sum of all the percentages in town A is exactly 100 and the sum of all the percentages in town B is 121%. This indicates that some people in town B have more than one disease. 16. Consider the followmg Velocity-Time graph. It shows two trains starting simultaneously on parallel tracks.

With reference to the above graph, which one of the following statements is not correct ?

(a) Train B has an initial acceleration greater than that of Train A.
(b) Train B is faster than Train A at all times.
(c) Both trains have the same velocity at time to.
(d) Both trains travel the same distance in time to units.

Ans: d

Exp: The accleration is the rate of change of velocity over a period of time. The train A has unifrom rate of increase in velocity as the graph is a straight line but the velocity of the train B initially curves upwards thereby showing higher initial accleration.
For verifying the statement B draw a straight line upwards from the X Axis. You will see that the velocity of the train B is always more than that of train A.
At t_o their Y Axis value is same i.e, the velocity is same at t_o.
The distance is the product of time and velocity and as the velocity is varying the distance can not be same. Directions for the following 6 (six) items:

Read each of the following two passages and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

Passage-1

Ecosystems provide people with a variety of goods and services; food, clean water, clean air, flood control, soil stabilization, pollination, climate regulation, spiritual fulfilment and aesthetic enjoyment, to name just a few. Most of these benefits either are irreplaceable or the technology necessary to replace them is prohibitively expensive. For example, potable fresh water can be provided by desalinating sea-water, but only at great cost. The rapidly expanding human population has greatly modified the Earth's ecosystems to meet their increased requirements of some of the goods and services, particularly food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel. These modifications have contributed substantially to human well being and economic development. The benefits have not been equally distributed. Some people have actually been harmed by these changes. Moreover, short-term increases in some ecosystem goods and services have come at the cost of the long-term degradation of others. For example, efforts to increase the production of food and fibre have decreased the ability of some ecosystems to provide clean water, regulate flooding and support biodiversity.

17. With reference to the passage, consider the following statements.
Expanding human' population has an adverse effect on :

1. Spiritual fulfilment
2. Aesthetic enjoyment
3. Potable fresh water
4. Production of food and fibre
5. Biodiversity

Which of the statements given above are correct ?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 4 and 5 only
(c) 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: d

Exp: Since the expanding human population adversely affects the ecosystems so all the benefits provided by the ecosystems gets affected. 18. The passage mentions that "some people have actually been harmed by these changes." What does it imply ?

1. The rapid expansion of population has adversely affected some people.
2. Sufficient efforts, have not been made to increase the production of food and fibre.
3. In the short term some people may be harmed, but in the long term everyone will benefit from modifications In the Earth's ecosystems.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None of the statements given above

Ans: a

Exp: Statement 1 has been mentioned in the paragraph.
Statement 2 regarding sufficiency of efforts has not been mentioned.
The paragraph talks about the long term degradation of ecosystems and not about the long term benefits to all. 19. With reference to the passage, consider the following statements:

1. It is imperative to modify the Earth's ecosystems for the well being of mankind.
2. Technology can never replace all the goods and services provided by ecosystems.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: b

Exp: Statement 1 is not correct as the paragraph talks about the modification of ecosystems due to expanding human population and not the desirability of the modification in eco systems.
Statement 2 is correct as "Most of these benefits either are irreplaceable or the technology necessary to replace them is prohibitively expensive". Paasage-B:

A moral act must be our own act; must spring from our own will. If we act mechanically, there is no moral content in our act. Such action would be moral, If we think it proper to act like a machine and do so. For, in doing so, we use our discrimination. We should bear in mind the distinction between acting mechanically and acting intentionally. It may be moral of a king to pardon a culprit. But the messenger carrying out the order of pardon plays only a mechanical part in the king's moral act. But if the messenger were to carry out the king's order considering it to be his duty, his action would be a moral one. How can a man understand morality who does not use his own intelligence and power of thought, but lets himself be swept along like a log of wood by a current ? Sometimes a man defies convention and acts on his own with a view to absolute good.

20. Which of the following statements best describe/describes the thought of the writer?

1. A moral act calls for using our discretion.
2. Man should react to a situation immediately.
3. Man must do his duty.
4. Man should be able to defy convention in order to be moral.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 4

Ans: d

Exp: Stattement 1 is correct as "A moral act must be our own act i.e, discretion".
Statement 2 is not correct as person should apply his thought and not react to a situation immediately.
Statement 3 may also be correct as dong one's duty is a moral act.
Statement 4 is correct as "Sometimes a man defies convention and acts on his own with a view to absolute good".